Lingering fears of United States domination over Canada’s economic and political institutions, concerns about rapid technological advancement and the surges in alienation and unemployment it entails, youth-led protests against US atrocities supported by Canadian funds and arms, and a resurgent Canadian left are familiar crises and movements to different generations. In the late 1960s, Canadian political economists Mel Watkins and James Laxer organized left-wing members of the New Democratic Party to publish a document entitled Manifesto for an Independent Socialist Canada, responding to the era’s pressing questions and to push the NDP to become a vehicle for the policies they believed were necessary to avoid US domination over Canada. To move the country beyond the post-war welfare capitalist state, they introduced a program that focused on workplace democracy and public ownership of the “commanding heights” of the Canadian economy.1 The Manifesto and the so called “Waffle” movement behind it were not widely well-received. Many NDP members were hesitant to accept these radical proposals from their perspective. Labour leaders feared reprisal, with many of their members working for the US “branch plants” that the Waffle’s manifesto critiqued.








