Only one year after they won a minority in the 2025 election, Prime Minister Mark Carney and the Liberals have achieved a majority government. This majority was delivered (thus far, as of time of writing) by five Members of Parliament who “crossed the floor” since the 2025 election, leaving the party they were elected with to join the governing Liberals.
These events have produced an intense debate over the legitimacy of floor-crossing, which is ultimately rooted in a fundamental disagreement over what an elected representative’s job should be in a democratic system. Two competing theories of representation, the “trustee” and “delegate” models, can be seen in the debate over floor-crossing, in Canadians’ common-sense political discourse, and in different elements of our Parliamentary system. However, both of these models are failing in Canada’s actually existing political practice. Instead, a “party-democracy” model of representation holds the promise of leveraging existing institutions to make Canada’s democracy more deliberative and participatory.
En 1999, el Servicio Postal Mexicano, que por entonces era de propiedad estatal, emitió un sello conmemorativo para celebrar los sesenta y cinco años del banco de desarrollo ‘Nacional Financiera’ (Nafin) de México.